| Question | Answer |
| Define reliability in the context of data measurement. | Consistency of a measurement tool across different instances. |
| What is validity in research? | The accuracy with which a measurement tool represents the intended construct. |
| What does the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient measure? | The strength and direction of a linear relationship between two continuous variables. |
| How is the coefficient of determination calculated? | By squaring the Pearson correlation coefficient (r²). |
| Define the coefficient of alienation. | The proportion of variance in the dependent variable not explained by the independent variable (1 – r²). |
| What is a key feature of a scatter plot? | It visually represents the relationship between two continuous variables. |
| How does the mean differ from the median in a skewed data set? | The mean is more affected by extreme values; the median is not. |
| What is the range of values for the Pearson correlation coefficient? | Between -1 and 1. |
| What does a correlation coefficient of 0 signify? | No linear relationship between the variables. |
| What is the purpose of computing correlation coefficients? | To determine the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. |
| Explain the term “sampling error.” | The discrepancy between a sample statistic and the actual population parameter. |
| What is meant by data variability? | The extent to which data points differ from the mean. |
| What does the term “probability” refer to in statistics? | The likelihood of a specific outcome occurring. |
| What is a key advantage of using a box plot in data analysis? | It provides a visual summary of data distribution, central tendency, and variability. |
| Define “systematic random sampling.” | Selecting every kth element from a list of the population. |
| How is the correlation coefficient visually represented? | Often displayed in a scatter plot. |
| What does the term “frequency distribution” mean? | A summary of how often each value or range of values occurs in a data set. |
| What is the primary purpose of a histogram? | To display the frequency of data points within specified intervals. |
| Define “qualitative research.” | Research that involves non-numeric data to provide in-depth understanding. |
| What is the main use of a frequency polygon? | To illustrate the shape of the distribution of data points. |
| How is reliability assessed in a measurement tool? | Through methods like test-retest, inter-rater, or split-half reliability. |
| What does the term “sampling bias” refer to? | Systematic error that occurs when the sample is not representative of the population. |
| What does a high coefficient of determination indicate? | A large proportion of variance in the dependent variable is explained by the independent variable. |
| What is the significance of a high correlation coefficient close to 1? | Indicates a strong positive linear relationship between two variables. |
| Describe the coefficient of alienation’s significance. | Measures the proportion of variance not explained by the linear relationship between variables. |
| What is a key feature of a bar chart? | Uses bars to represent the frequency or count of different categories. |
| Define “systematic sampling.” | A method of selecting every nth item from a list of the population. |
| What is the role of the median in a data set? | Divides the data set into two equal halves. |
| How is the coefficient of determination used? | To quantify the proportion of variance explained by the correlation between variables. |
| What is meant by “sampling frame”? | A list of all members of the population from which a sample is drawn. |
| What is a characteristic of qualitative data? | It is descriptive and non-numeric. |
| What does the term “frequency table” provide? | A summary of data frequency in various categories. |
| How does a high degree of variability affect a data set? | Indicates that data points are spread out from the mean. |
| Define “data collection” in research. | The process of gathering information from various sources. |
| What does a box plot display about a data set? | The spread, quartiles, and possible outliers in the data. |
| Explain the term “coefficient of determination.” | Represents the proportion of the variance in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable. |
| What does the term “reliability” refer to? | The consistency of a measurement tool across different instances or conditions. |
| How is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient typically represented? | By the symbol “r”. |
| What is the purpose of a frequency histogram? | To illustrate the number of observations within specified intervals. |
| Describe the significance of the coefficient of alienation. | It indicates how much of the total variation in the dependent variable is unexplained by the independent variable. |
| What type of chart is useful for comparing the frequencies of different categories? | Bar chart. |
| What does a scatter plot show? | The relationship between two continuous variables. |
| What does the term “sampling error” measure? | The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter. |
| What is the role of the coefficient of determination in regression analysis? | To assess how well the model explains the variability in the dependent variable. |
| Define “coefficient of alienation.” | The proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is not explained by the independent variable. |
| What does a correlation coefficient of -1 signify? | A perfect negative linear relationship between two variables. |
| Explain the term “probability” in the context of data analysis. | The measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur. |
| How is the reliability of a measurement tool typically evaluated? | Using methods such as test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, or split-half reliability. |
| What is a frequency polygon used for? | To show the shape of the distribution of data points across intervals. |
| Define “validity” in the context of research. | The extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure. |
| What does the term “systematic random sampling” refer to? | A sampling method where every nth element from a list is selected. |
| What is the primary use of a box plot in data analysis? | To visually summarize data distribution, including central tendency and variability. |
| How is the correlation coefficient visually represented? | Typically through a scatter plot showing the relationship between variables. |
| What does the term “variability” measure in a data set? | The extent to which data points differ from the mean. |
| What is the significance of the mean in a data set? | It provides the average value of all data points. |
| How does the coefficient of determination help in regression analysis? | It shows the proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent variable. |
| What is an example of a qualitative data collection method? | Interviews or open-ended surveys. |
| What is the purpose of a histogram? | To display the frequency distribution of data within intervals. |
| Define “reliability coefficient.” | A measure of the consistency of a measurement tool. |
| What does a high value of the coefficient of determination imply about the model? | The model explains a large proportion of the variance in the dependent variable. |
| What is the coefficient of alienation also known as? | The unexplained variance or error term in regression analysis. |
| What does the term “sampling frame” involve? | A comprehensive list of all individuals or units in the population from which a sample is drawn. |
| What type of sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups and randomly selecting from each? | Stratified sampling. |
| Define “correlation coefficient.” | A statistical measure that describes the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. |
| What is a characteristic of a well-designed measurement tool? | It must have high reliability and validity. |
| How does the coefficient of alienation relate to the correlation coefficient? | It is the complement of the coefficient of determination (1 – r²). |
| What does “data collection” entail in research? | Gathering relevant data from various sources for analysis. |
| Define “qualitative research” in terms of data analysis. | Research that focuses on understanding concepts, experiences, or phenomena through non-numeric data. |
| What is the primary purpose of using a scatter plot in data analysis? | To visualize the relationship and correlation between two continuous variables. |
| Describe how reliability and validity are related to measurement. | Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements, while validity refers to the accuracy of the measurements. Both are crucial for effective data measurement. |
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