BUS 5413 Analysis Assignment #2

Description

This week’s Analysis Assignments is a Multiple Choice Quiz. However, you will still need to fully understand the data provided in order to reach all of the answers. The estimated completion time is two hours, and I highly recommend that you provide yourself plenty of time to think through the questions.

Make sure that you fully understand each chart before you try to start answering questions about it, and then make sure that you are reading each question carefully, and know what it is really asking for. If you are unsure what a question is asking, you can always reference the terms in your book, just to be sure.

See also: (Solution) BUS 5413 Statistics Test 1

Questions

Part 1

Excerpt from the Research Article 1 (edited for brevity)

Less is known about heroin and opium use in the Iranian population.  Opium was known to the ancient Persians and has been traditionally used for recreation, relieving pain, and treating mental disorders.

The data were gathered from 306 consecutive addicts seeking treatment at the Shiraz Self-identified Addicts Center from July to September (year omitted for privacy).  A semi-structured interview was carried out with the subjects and one of their first-degree relatives.

The data were gathered from 306 subjects whose mean (µ) age was 37.0 yr. (s = 9.8, r = 15 to 70).  Subjects were 97.7% men, of whom the majority (73.9%) were married and 24.2% single.

The duration of the substance currently used is shown in Table 1.  About 36% of the addicts reported that they had been using the current substance for more than a decade.  Only 2.3 % reported one year or less as the duration of taking the substance.

Table 1 gives the frequency distribution for the most prolonged duration of abstinence. The majority (76.8%) gave a history of abstinence. Only 1.6% reported five years or more as the most extended duration of abstinence, while 18.3% indicated one to three months as the longest duration.  Overall, 62.l % relapsed before one year of abstinence was completed.  

Frequency Distribution of Addicts by Duration of Current Opiate Use and Longest Duration of Abstinence Reported (N = 306)

Current Use, yr.	n	%	Duration of Abstinence	n	%
< 1	7	2.3	No abstinence	63	20.6
2	19	6.2	< 1 week	18	5.9
3	18	5.9	1-4 weeks	28	12.4
4	19	6.2	1-3 months	56	18.3
5	31	10.1	3-6 months	44	14.4
6	27	8.8	6-12 months	34	11.1
7	27	8.8	1-3 years	29	9.5
8	18	5.9	3-5 years	6	2.0
9	6	2.0	> 5 years	5	1.6
10	24	7.8	No answer	13	4.2
11-15	26	8.4
16-20	57	18.6
> 20	27	8.8

M = 10.2, SD = 7.12

1(Ahmadi & Ghanizadeh, 2000)

Question 1 (0.6 points)

At the time of the study, how many of the subjects had been using opiates for ten years?

Question 1 options:

	10
	196
	24
	7.8

Question 2 (0.64 points)

At the time of the study, what percent of the subjects had been using opiates for ten years?

Question 2 options:

	7.8%
	64%
	24%
	8.4%

Question 3 (0.64 points)

Which current years-of-use category has the largest percentage of subjects? 

Question 3 options:

	<2
	5
	11-15
	16-20

Question 4 (0.64 points)

Which duration-of-abstinence category has the largest number of subjects in it?  

Question 4 options:

	1 to 3 mo.
	<1 week
	No abstinence
	6-12 mo.

Question 5 (0.64 points)

At the time of the study, how many of the addicts had been abstinent for less than one week? 

Question 5 options:

	63
	18
	56
	28

Question 6 (0.64 points)

If you put all of the names of the addicts in a hat, mix the names thoroughly, and pull one name out at random, the person you select would most likely be in which duration-of-abstinence category?

Question 6 options:

	1 to 3 mo.
	3 to 6 mo.
	No abstinence
	No answer

Question 7 (0.64 points)

For the duration of abstinence scores, the score with the lowest percentage is >5 years.  Does this indicate that abstaining from opiates over several years is very difficult?  

Question 7 options:

	Yes
	No

Part 2

Excerpt from the Research Article 2 (edited for brevity)

New clients at a university counseling center were recruited to participate in this study during an academic year.  All new clients requesting individual counseling services were eligible to participate. Ninety-four new clients (the majority of new clients at the center) agreed to participate. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 years to 47 years (Mdn = 21.00, M(µ) = 22.4).

Table 2 presents a frequency distribution of counseling duration. Participants completed from 1 to 28 sessions (Mdn = 3.0, M(µ) = 4.6 …).  As evident in the table, most participants completed a relatively small number of sessions.

Note: Mdn = merian, f = frequency, ∑% = cumulative percent.

Table 2

Frequency Distribution of Counseling Duration
No. of Sessions Completed	f	%		∑%
1 – 3	54	57.4		57.4
4 – 6	22	23.4		80.8
7 – 9	8	8.5		89.3
10 – 12	4	4.3		93.6
14 – 17	3	3.2		96.8
18 – 28	3	3.2		100.0
Note. Mdn = 3, Mode = l, M(µ) = 4.6

(Hatchett, 2003)

Question 8 (0.64 points)

What is the median age of the clients?  

Question 8 options:

	18
	21
	22.4
	32.5

Question 9 (0.64 points)

What percentage of clients were under 21 years of age? 

Question 9 options:

	50%
	45%
	Less than half
	More than half

Question 10 (0.64 points)

Are the mean and the median number of sessions completed the same?   

Question 10 options:

	Yes
	No

Question 11 (0.64 points)

The footnote to the table states: “Mode = 1.”  What does this mean? 

Question 11 options:

	Clients attended one person at a time.
	The Mean is slightly greater than the Median
	More clients completed one session than any other number of sessions.

Question 12 (0.64 points)

How many clients completed 7 – 9 sessions?

Question 12 options:

	84
	4
	8.5
	8

Question 13 (0.64 points)

What percentage of the clients completed 7 – 9 sessions? 

Question 13 options:

	8.5%
	89.3%
	23.4%
	4.3%

Question 14 (0.64 points)

What is the cumulative percentage for 7 – 9 sessions? 

Question 14 options:

	8.5%
	89.3%
	23.4%
	4.3%

Question 15 (0.64 points)

What percentage completed between 1 and 9 sessions?

Question 15 options:

	8.5%
	89.3%
	23.4%
	4.3%

Question 16 (0.64 points)

Which group of scores has the highest percentage of clients?

Question 16 options:

	1-3
	4-6
	7-9
	10-12

Question 17 (0.64 points)

Is the following statement true or false?  “57.4% of the clients completed more than 1 to 3 sessions.” 

Question 17 options:

	True
	False

Question 18 (0.64 points)

Is the following statement true or false? “100% of the clients completed between 18 and 28 sessions.”

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19 (0.64 points)

Is the following statement true or false? “80.8% of the clients completed six or fewer sessions.” 

Question 19 options:

	True
	False

Question 20 (0.64 points)

In the excerpt, the researcher states that “most participants completed a relatively small number of sessions.” Do the statistics in the table support this statement? 

Question 20 options:

	Yes
	No

Question 21 (0.64 points)

Consider the frequencies (f) in the table. In your opinion, is the distribution clearly skewed?  

Question 21 options:

	Yes
	No

Part 3

Statistical Guide 

The interquartile range indicates the scores obtained by the middle 50% of the participants.  If all the scores are put in order from low to high, and the bottom 25% and the top 25% are temporarily ignored, the remaining scores are in the interquartile range. This statistic is a measure of variability (also known as spread or dispersion) that is usually reported in conjunction with the median.

Learning resources for the Interquartile Range

What is the interquartile range? (text)

Interquartile Range Example (.xlsx)

YouTube: What Are And How To Calculate Quartiles, The Interquartile Range, IQR, And Outliers Explained (3:52 min.)

YouTube:  How To Calculate The Interquartile Range In Excel (1:50 min.)

Excerpt from the Research Article3 (edited for brevity)

This analysis was conducted as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) Multi-Centre Study of AIDS and Injecting Drug Use.  Persons who had injected illicit drugs within the previous two months were recruited from drug abuse treatment programs and non-treatment settings (in most cities, through outreach and chain-referral sampling). It is estimated that at least 95% of the subjects who were asked to participate agreed to do so.

The questionnaire focused on drug use histories and injection and sexual risk behavior six months before the interview.  After the interview, either a blood or saliva specimen was obtained for HIV testing.

A specific series of questions was used to ascertain the subject’s deliberate behavioral changes in response to concerns about AIDS. Subjects were asked, “Since you first heard about AIDS, have you done anything to avoid getting AIDS?” Those who responded “yes,” that they had changed their behavior were then asked, “What have you done?”

In each of the four cities (in Table 1), changes in drug injection behavior were reported more often than changes in sexual behavior. The most commonly reported risk reduction was the “stopped/reduced sharing” of injection equipment. The most commonly reported sexual risk reductions were increased use of condoms, greater selectivity in choosing sexual partners, and a reduced number of sexual partners.

Table 1

Demographic Characteristics, Reported AIDS Risk Reduction, and HIV Seroprevalence Among Injection Drug  Users by City
	Median Age (Interquartile Range (IQR))	Male %	Median Education (IQR)	Median Years Injecting (IQR)	Reported Risk Reduction	HIV Positive %
Bangkok
(n = 590)	30 (25-33)	95	7 (4-10)	8 (3.5-13)	92	34
Glasgow
(n = 452)	23 (21-26)	70	11 (10-11)	6 (4-8))	83	2
New York
(n = 829)	37 (31-41)	76	11 (10-12)	19 (10-24)	79	48
Rio de Janeiro
(n = 128)	30 (25-33)	83	12 (9-14.5)	10 (4.5-14)	58	35

(DesJarlais et al., 1996)

Question 22 (0.64 points)

On average, the participants in which city were oldest?

Question 22 options:

	Bangkok
	Glasgow
	New York
	Rio de Jeneiro

Question 23 (0.64 points)

In Bangkok, what percentage of the participants had less than 7 years of education?

Question 23 options:

	50%
	48%
	25%
	34%

Question 24 (0.64 points)

In New York, what percentage of the participants had more than 11 years of education?

Question 24 options:

	50%
	48%
	25%
	34%

Question 25 (0.64 points)

On average, the participants in which city had the fewest years of injecting?

Question 25 options:

	Bangkok
	Glasgow
	New York
	Rio de Janeiro

Question 26 (0.64 points)

The participants in which city had the greatest variability in their ages?

Question 26 options:

	Bangkok
	Glasgow
	New York
	Rio de Janeiro

Question 27 (0.64 points)

The participants in which city had the greatest dispersion in their number of years of education?

Question 27 options:

	Bangkok
	Glasgow
	New York
	Rio de Janeiro

Question 28 (0.64 points)

In New York, what percentage of the participants had been injecting for 10 to 24 years?

Question 28 options:

	50%
	48%
	25%
	34%

Question 29 (0.64 points)

In New York, what percentage of the participants had been injecting for less than 10 years?

Question 29 options:

	50%
	48%
	25%
	34%

Question 30 (0.64 points)

In New York, how many of the 829 participants had been injecting for more than 24 years?

Question 30 options:

	397
	630
	414
	207

Question 31 (0.64 points)

In Rio de Janeiro, what percentage of the participants had been injecting from 4.5 to 14 years?

Question 31 options:

	34%
	48%
	25%
	50%

Question 32 (0.64 points)

In Rio de Janeiro, how many of the 128 participants had been injecting for more than 14 years?

Question 32 options:

	33
	32
	25
	30

Question 33 (0.64 points)

The participants in which city had the least variability in the number of years of injecting?

Question 33 options:

	Bangkok
	Glasgow
	New York
	Rio de Janeiro

Question 34 (0.64 points)

The median age of the participants in New York is substantially higher than in the other cities. Could this help explain some of the differences in median years of injecting across cities?)

Question 34 options:

	Yes
	No

Question 35 (0.64 points)

The city with the lowest percentage of HIV+ participants had the lowest median age. Does this make sense?)

Question 35 options:

	Yes
	No

Question 36 (0.64 points)

When considering data on HIV risk reduction behavior, would you be interested in an analysis that considers men and women separately?

Question 36 options:

	Yes
	No

---

Solution – BUS 5413 Analysis Assignment #2

Question 1 (0.6 points)

At the time of the study, how many of the subjects had been using opiates for ten years?

Question 1 options:

10

196

24 – Correct Answer

7.8

Question 2 (0.64 points)

At the time of the study, what percent of the subjects had been using opiates for ten years?

Question 2 options:

7.8% – Correct Answer

64%

24%

8.4%

Question 3 (0.64 points)

Which current years-of-use category has the largest percentage of subjects? 

Question 3 options:

<2

5

11-15

16-20 – Correct Answer

,,, Please click on the Icon below to purchase the full answer at only $10

$10.00 – Purchase Checkout Added to cart