What is the correct order of stages in Piaget’s theory?
a. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
c. concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational
d. formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational
(Correct answer: b) Piaget’s stages start with sensorimotor (0-2 years), followed by preoperational (2-7 years), concrete operational (7-11 years), and formal operational (11 years and up).
A researcher chooses to study a group of Hispanic males aged 25–30. This group of people composes the ________ of the research study.
a. observers
b. cohort
c. population
d. representative sample
(Correct answer: c) The population refers to the entire group the researcher is interested in studying.
Regarding the nature–nurture debate, which factors are most influential in determining the kind of person you are?
a. environmental and context-specific factors
b. genetic and environmental factors
c. predominantly environmental factors
d. predominantly genetic factors
(Correct answer: b) Both genetics and environment interact to influence development.
A child who says her teddy bear feels sad is showing ________.
a. animism
b. concrete operations
c. transformation
d. delayed development
(Correct answer: a) Animism is when children attribute human emotions or characteristics to inanimate objects, common during the preoperational stage.
Two-year-old Luke lines up behind their peers after seeing them make a line. Luke is demonstrating learning by _________.
a. reinforcement
b. imitation or observation
c. operant conditioning
d. preoperational thinking
(Correct answer: b) Imitation or observation learning is a form of social learning where children learn by watching others.
Infants have four states of activity: alert, waking, crying, and _____.
a. talking
b. sleeping
c. walking
d. playing
(Correct answer: b) Sleeping is one of the primary states of infant activity.
A researcher is interested in studying the consequences of behavior, such as whether a consequence increases the likelihood of the behavior that it follows. Which theory is this researcher likely studying?
a. life-course perspective
b. cognitive-development theory
c. social learning theory
d. behaviorism
(Correct answer: d) Behaviorism focuses on how behavior is influenced by its consequences, such as reinforcement and punishment.
In conducting developmental research, observation is a key technique. Recording people’s behavior as it takes place in a natural environment is which type of observation?
a. self-report
b. structured
c. physiological
d. naturalistic
(Correct answer: d) Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in a natural setting without interference.
The use of __________ typically involves intensive observation of behavior over extended periods of time to produce quality results.
a. dependent variables
b. qualitative research
c. independent variables
d. a sequential design
(Correct answer: b) Qualitative research often involves in-depth, long-term observation to understand behavior and processes.
One-year-old Annie is exploring her new daycare and frequently looks toward her mother as she does so. Annie’s behavior exemplifies ________.
a. true attachment
b. an avoidance to forming a parental attachment
c. an internal working model
d. a poor relationship
(Correct answer: a) True attachment is when a child uses a caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
Eight-month-old Janie is delighted to find the new, shiny ball her father brought home for her. As she approaches the ball, she is happy, but she continually looks at her father to see if it is okay to touch it. Janie is showing ________.
a. emotional outbursts
b. social distancing
c. social referencing
d. emotions
(Correct answer: c) Social referencing is when a child looks to a caregiver for cues on how to react in uncertain situations.
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- Eight-month-old Janie is delighted to find the new, shiny ball her father brought home for her. As she approaches the ball, she is happy, but she continually looks at her father to see if it is okay to touch it. Janie is showing ________.
a. emotional outbursts
b. social distancing
c. social referencing
d. emotions - Watching the television show ________ has been shown to improve young children’s knowledge of numbers, letters, shapes, and colors.
a. Power Rangers
b. Sesame Street
c. The Electric Fence
d. Nizzle the Fizzle - Which of Erikson’s stages of human development explains that infants can acquire hope, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that discomfort or danger may arise?
a. autonomy versus social
b. mistrust versus humor
c. indecisive versus guilt
d. trust versus mistrust - Which psychological perspective poses that many human behaviors represent a successful adaptation to the environment?
a. developmental
b. evolutionary
c. social
d. abnormal - Which type of parents show little warmth or control?
a. permissive
b. authoritative
c. authoritarian
d. uninvolved - What is one reason preschoolers don’t like to share versus older children?
a. Preschoolers are more egocentric.
b. Preschoolers do not grasp being praised for their prosocial behavior.
c. Older children have better communication skills.
d. Older children are focused more on enabling play. - When does divorce affect children most negatively?
a. When the child is a male
b. When the child is a female
c. During the elementary school years
d. During the preschool years - Some researchers believe that infants show imitation as young as ________.
a. around 8 months
b. at birth
c. around 18 months
d. Infants do not imitate - What is one area of perception in which newborns are far inferior to adults?
a. color
b. smell
c. sound
d. pain - Aggression tends to be ________.
a. unstable for boys, but stable for girls
b. a highly unstable characteristic
c. unstable for girls, but stable for boys
d. a stable characteristic - Paul, a newborn only a few hours old, is crying loudly. His cries begin with a sudden loud burst; he pauses and then gasps. Paul is probably _______.
a. has a wet diaper
b. tired
c. happy
d. hurt - The formal operational stage is most marked by ________.
a. egocentric operations
b. hypothetical thinking
c. self-insight
d. mental operations - Which type of parents shows both warmth and control?
a. uninvolved
b. authoritarian
c. authoritative
d. permissive - According to the text, the best way for adolescents to approach obesity is to ________.
a. avoid eating fatty meats
b. eat whatever you want in moderate proportions
c. follow medically approved diets and psychological treatment
d. set goals for eating and exercise - Which body parts mature first?
a. Hands for girls
b. Arms for boys
c. Legs for both sexes
d. Hands and feet for both sexes - According to Erickson, adolescents face a crisis between ____________ as they develop.
a. push and rejection
b. intimacy and isolation
c. genetics and stagnation
d. identity and role confusion - When children move from elementary school to middle school, what tends to occur with their self-esteem?
a. A boy’s self-esteem does not change, but a girl’s self-esteem drops.
b. The self-esteem of both boys and girls temporarily drops.
c. The self-esteem of both boys and girls does not change.
d. A girl’s self-esteem rises, and a boy’s self-esteem rises. - Inadequate iron intake often leads to ________.
a. weight gain
b. depression
c. diabetes
d. very little energy - Amanda has entered the workforce. This milestone in life could be considered a __________.
a. rite of passage
b. personal
c. crystallization
d. special - Fast-food diets can lead to a deficiency in ________.
a. vitamin A
b. calcium
c. vitamin D
d. riboflavin - One of the most important rites of passage in most cultures to mark adulthood is ________.
a. voting in a federal election
b. getting married
c. starting a social media page
d. attending a concert - One treatment for depression involves the use of strategies that reframe negative thoughts about oneself. This treatment is called:
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. pharmacological therapy
c. hypnosis therapy
d. cognitive behavioral therapy - Mountain climbing is considered edgework and not reckless behavior because
a. the chance of death
b. the extent of the risk
c. spontaneity
d. expertise and planning - Research suggests that how stressed people feel depends most on _________.
a. their control over daily hassles
b. their perception of the event
c. their coping strategies
d. the severity of the situation - If older adults practice making quick responses, reaction times ________.
a. will get longer
b. can be quicker
c. can be eliminated
d. will remain the same - Studies have shown that the two most important social influences on health are ______.
a. ethnicity and diet
b. drinking and risk-taking
c. smoking and income
d. educational level and socioeconomic status - The period of the “young-old” or “golden” is the ________.
a. Middle-Late Age
b. Third Age
c. Early-Late Age
d. Fourth Age - Marital satisfaction tends to be lowest _________.
a. at the birth of a couple’s first child
b. when a couple has adolescent children
c. when children begin to leave home
d. when one member of the couple retires - In the Fourth Age, people can expect _________.
a. a low risk of developing dementia
b. decreases in cognitive potential
c. no quality of life
d. no negative effects of stress - Gary, an engineer, feels he will never rise above his current position. He is experiencing________.
a. a ceiling stoppage
b. a career stoppage
c. the glass ceiling
d. a career plateau - What is perhaps the most common reason why people are forced to change occupations?
a. family pressures
b. obsolete skills
c. physical health problems
d. mental health issues - During which period of life do people have the most friendships?
a. Middle age
b. Golden years
c. Late adulthood
d. Young adulthood - How does one enter the “sandwich generation”?
a. Getting married at an old age
b. Moving into a nursing home
c. Having a parent move in while raising a child
d. Having an older child move out - Which profession might be most suitable for someone who is high on the openness to experience dimension of personality?
a. Peace Corps representative
b. sales
c. IT technician
d. CEO - Older adults are less likely to use problem-focused coping strategies due to ________.
a. increased physical limitations
b. lower energy levels
c. fewer resources to solve problems
d. seeing problems as unsolvable - Which of the following is one of the defining elements of wisdom?
a. Expertise in some aspect of life
b. Reduced risk of making mistakes
c. A highly developed memory
d. Strong reliance on past experiences - A person’s subjective feeling of age is called ________.
a. chronological age
b. perceived age
c. biological age
d. functional age - When people tend to remember things that are consistent with their current beliefs, they are showing ________.
a. autobiographical memory
b. emotional bias
c. implicit memory
d. confirmatory bias - According to research, which is the most common emotional reaction to the transition to retirement?
a. Sadness
b. Anxiety
c. Mixed emotions
d. Excitement - Which of the following is most likely to promote successful aging?
a. Reducing social interactions
b. Maintaining physical activity and social connections
c. Strict adherence to routines
d. Limiting exposure to stressful situations - Which of the following best describes the “empty nest” period?
a. The period before children start school
b. The time after children leave home
c. The time during retirement
d. A time of relationship strain - In terms of relationships, what tends to decline the most during middle adulthood?
a. Marital satisfaction
b. Relationships with friends
c. Parent-child relationships
d. Work relationships - Which is the best predictor of job satisfaction in middle adulthood?
a. A sense of control over work
b. High income
c. The number of promotions received
d. The amount of vacation time - Which is most accurate about cognitive functioning in older adults?
a. All forms of memory decline significantly with age
b. Wisdom and knowledge tend to remain stable or increase
c. Problem-solving skills rapidly decline
d. Creativity and imagination fade after retirement - Which term refers to the inability to recall events that happened before the age of 3?
a. Retrograde amnesia
b. Infantile amnesia
c. Anterograde amnesia
d. Post-traumatic amnesia - Which activity is often associated with increased brain plasticity and decreased cognitive decline in older adults?
a. Reading fiction
b. Physical exercise
c. Watching TV
d. Social isolation - Which of the following is considered a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease?
a. High physical activity levels
b. Low educational levels
c. High socioeconomic status
d. Engagement in intellectual activities - A strong sense of meaning in life is associated with __________.
a. increased physical illness
b. reduced mental health
c. improved mental and physical health
d. heightened risk-taking behavior - In older adulthood, __________ is associated with increased longevity and quality of life.
a. loneliness
b. staying physically active
c. constant medication use
d. complete retirement from work - What is a critical factor in maintaining friendships in late adulthood?
a. Wealth
b. Proximity
c. Health
d. Family support - Which type of memory typically remains stable or improves slightly in older adults?
a. Working memory
b. Procedural memory
c. Episodic memory
d. Prospective memory - Which of the following is most likely to lead to successful aging?
a. Maintaining passive activities
b. Limiting physical activity
c. Social engagement and purpose
d. Constant worry about health issues - According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults are more likely to prioritize __________.
a. learning new skills
b. future-oriented goals
c. close relationships
d. material possessions - The “sandwich generation” refers to adults who __________.
a. are juggling multiple jobs to support their families
b. are simultaneously caring for their aging parents and their own children
c. face financial burdens from student loans and mortgages
d. feel trapped between career advancement and retirement planning - Which factor is linked to better emotional regulation in older adults?
a. Stressful life events
b. Declining physical health
c. Strong social networks
d. Increased impulsivity - Bereavement refers to the __________.
a. emotional support offered by friends
b. process of adjusting to the loss of a loved one
c. legal arrangements following death
d. financial difficulties after death - Successful retirement is most strongly associated with __________.
a. continued involvement in work-related activities
b. financial stability and fulfilling social roles
c. isolation from previous social groups
d. avoiding all forms of physical activity - In Erikson’s final stage of psychosocial development, older adults experience a crisis between __________.
a. generativity and stagnation
b. intimacy and isolation
c. trust and mistrust
d. integrity and despair - Ageism refers to __________.
a. prejudice against people based on their age
b. favoring younger generations over older ones
c. excluding older adults from social activities
d. discriminatory practices in the workplace - Which life event is associated with the highest level of stress according to research on the stress scale?
a. Death of a spouse
b. Divorce
c. Job loss
d. Moving to a new home - What is the primary reason older adults often experience slower reaction times?
a. Poor eyesight
b. Cognitive decline
c. Decreased neural processing speed
d. Lack of motivation - Which theory suggests that older adults voluntarily withdraw from social relationships and activities?
a. Disengagement theory
b. Activity theory
c. Continuity theory
d. Socioemotional selectivity theory - Which factor is most strongly associated with resilience in older adulthood?
a. Economic wealth
b. Social connections
c. Cognitive ability
d. Genetic predisposition - Which of the following behaviors is most likely to promote successful aging?
a. Isolating oneself from others
b. Engaging in regular physical activity
c. Reducing cognitive challenges
d. Avoiding new experiences
.
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